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Citation: Li T, Hao X, Kang S (2016) Spatial Variability of Grapevine Bud Burst Percentage and Its Association with Soil Properties at Field Scale. PLoS ONE 11(10): Shoot: The total number of shoots/vine was counted and the leaf area/shoot was measured on 15 shoots/replicate at flowering and at harvest. Carmona, M.J.; Cubas, P.; Calonje, M.; Martinez-Zapater, J.M. Flowering transition in grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.). Can. J. Bot. 2007, 85, 701–711. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Grishkevich, V.; Yanai, I. The genomic determinants of genotype × environment interactions in gene expression. Trends Genet. 2013, 29, 479–487. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Bramley RGV, Proffitt APB. Managing variability in viticultural production. Grapegrow Winemak. 1999; 427(1): 11–16.

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Nevertheless, this can still be extremely useful as a positive relationship has been shown between reproductive and vegetative growth (R 2= 0.86) with a linear correlation between leaf area/flower and the percentage of setting, meaning that as the leaf area available/single flower increases, berry setting increases correspondingly ( Fig. 4). This desirable relationship will therefore ensure that sufficient vegetative growth occurs to sustain the increased amount of fruit and, as a result, improve grapevine sustainability. In cv. Grillo, increasing the number of buds/vine from 6 to 18 (from 100% to 200%) proportionally increased the leaf area (141% and 225% with 12 and 18 buds/vine, respectively) and yield/vine (101% and 232.5% with 12 and 18 buds/vine, respectively), while different growth was observed in the number of flowers/vine (which increased by 204.6% and 564.3% with 12 and 18 buds/vine, respectively) ( Table 4). Des Marais, D.L.; Hernandez, K.M.; Juenger, T.E. Genotype-by-Environment Interaction and Plasticity: Exploring Genomic Responses of Plants to the Abiotic Environment. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2013, 44, 5–29. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Walinga I, Kithome M, Novozamsky I, Houba VJG, Vanderlee JJ. Spectrophotometric determination of organic carbon in soil. Commun Soil Sci Plan. 1992; 23(15–16): 1935–1944.Viticulture seeks to manipulate the balance between vegetative growth and fruiting in grapevines. This is done for a variety of reasons, such as ensuring that crops ripen adequately and guaranteeing vineyard profitability. Another fundamental viticulture target is to predict the yield as early as possible. To correct prediction of yield should be informed by vineyard variability. At flowering and fruitset, the number of berries/bunch typically explains around 20-30% of the total annual variation in yield. Li-Mallet, A.; Rabot, A.; Geny, L. Factors controlling inflorescence primordia formation of grapevine: Their role in latent bud fruitfulness? A review. Botany 2016, 94, 147–163. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Ciaccia, C.; Testani, E.; Fiore, A.; Iocola, I.; Di Pierro, M.; Mele, G.; Ferlito, F.; Cutuli, M.; Montemurro, F.; Farina, R.; et al. Organic Agroforestry Long-Term Field Experiment Designing Trough Actors’ Knowledge towards Food System Sustainability. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5532. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Gerrath, J.M. Developmental morphology and anatomy of grape flowers. Hortic. Rev. 1993, 13, 315–337. [ Google Scholar] Ferlito, F.; Nicolosi, E.; La Malfa, S.; Cicala, A.; Gentile, A. First characterisation of minor and neglected Vitis vinifera L. cultivars from mount Etna. Hortic. Sci. 2018, 45, 37–46. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version]

Physiologically, leaf area has been found to largely influence the photosynthetic efficiency and transport of most photosynthates required for the growth and developmental activity of reproductive structures. Thus, obtaining an estimation of leaf area is essential to the growth process and is often important in vegetative and physiology by predisposing to growth and development, which strongly influence crop productivity [ 9]. Based on Table 1, it was clear that the number of blind buds, along portions 1-3, increased significantly by increasing the bud load/vine during the season. The highest value was 53% for 18 buds/vine. However, a higher bud load/vine led to a lower percentage of blind buds in portions 4-6 and 7-9 with 12 and 18 buds/vine. Acevedo-Opazo, C.; Tisseyre, B.; Ojeda, H.; Guillaume, S. Spatial extrapolation of the vine ( Vitis vinifera L.) water status: A first step towards a spatial prediction model. Irrig. Sci. 2010, 28, 143–155. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]

Vineyard sensors make sense

Li T, Hao X, Kang S. Spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture as affected by soil properties during Irrigation cycles. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 2014; 78(2): 598–608.